10 Myths Your Boss Has Regarding Evolution Site
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The Academy's Evolution Site
Biological evolution is one of the most important concepts in biology. The Academies have long been involved in helping people who are interested in science understand the theory of evolution and how it permeates all areas of scientific research.
This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a wide range of educational resources on evolution. It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and unity across many cultures. It also has many practical applications, such as providing a framework for understanding the evolution of species and how they react to changes in the environment.
Early attempts to represent the biological world were founded on categorizing organisms on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, based on the sampling of various parts of living organisms or on short fragments of their DNA significantly increased the variety that could be represented in the tree of life2. However the trees are mostly composed of eukaryotes; bacterial diversity remains vastly underrepresented3,4.
Genetic techniques have greatly broadened our ability to visualize the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. We can construct trees by using molecular methods like the small-subunit ribosomal gene.
Despite the massive expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, much biodiversity still awaits discovery. This is especially the case for microorganisms which are difficult to cultivate, and are typically found in a single specimen5. A recent analysis of all known genomes has produced a rough draft version of the Tree of Life, including a large number of bacteria and archaea that have not been isolated and their diversity is not fully understood6.
This expanded Tree of Life can be used to determine the diversity of a specific region and determine if certain habitats need special protection. This information can be used in a variety of ways, such as identifying new drugs, combating diseases and improving the quality of crops. The information is also beneficial in conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species with significant metabolic functions that could be vulnerable to anthropogenic change. While funds to protect biodiversity are essential, the best way to conserve the world's biodiversity is to empower more people in developing countries with the knowledge they need to act locally and support conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny, 에볼루션 코리아 also known as an evolutionary tree, shows the connections between various groups of organisms. By using molecular information as well as morphological similarities and distinctions, or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can construct a phylogenetic tree which illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding the evolution of biodiversity, evolution and genetics.
A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Determines the relationship between organisms with similar traits and evolved from a common ancestor. These shared traits could be either analogous or homologous. Homologous traits are similar in their evolutionary origins while analogous traits appear similar, but do not share the identical origins. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping called a Clade. For instance, all of the species in a clade share the trait of having amniotic egg and evolved from a common ancestor which had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree is then constructed by connecting clades to identify the species that are most closely related to each other.
For a more detailed and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to identify the relationships among organisms. This information is more precise than morphological information and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an individual or group. The use of molecular data lets researchers determine the number of species that share the same ancestor and estimate their evolutionary age.
The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a number of factors, including the phenotypic plasticity. This is a type behavior that alters due to particular environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to a species than to the other which can obscure the phylogenetic signal. However, this problem can be solved through the use of methods such as cladistics which include a mix of homologous and analogous features into the tree.
Additionally, phylogenetics aids determine the duration and rate of speciation. This information can aid conservation biologists to decide which species to protect from the threat of extinction. In the end, it's the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will lead to an ecologically balanced and complete ecosystem.
Evolutionary Theory
The fundamental concept in evolution is that organisms alter over time because of their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have proposed theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274) who believed that an organism could evolve according to its own needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern hierarchical taxonomy and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who believed that the usage or non-use of traits can cause changes that can be passed on to future generations.
In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from various fields, including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance, came together to create a modern evolutionary theory. This defines how evolution occurs by the variation in genes within a population and how these variations change with time due to natural selection. This model, which incorporates genetic drift, mutations, gene flow and sexual selection can be mathematically described.
Recent developments in evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated how variation can be introduced to a species by mutations, genetic drift, reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction and the movement between populations. These processes, as well as others like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time), can lead to evolution, which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time, 에볼루션바카라사이트 and also by changes in phenotype over time (the expression of that genotype in an individual).
Students can better understand phylogeny by incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology. A recent study by Grunspan and colleagues, for example revealed that teaching students about the evidence for evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college biology class. For more information on how to teach evolution look up The Evolutionary Power of Biology in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through looking back--analyzing fossils, comparing species and studying living organisms. Evolution is not a distant moment; it is an ongoing process that continues to be observed today. The virus reinvents itself to avoid new antibiotics and bacteria transform to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior in the wake of a changing environment. The results are usually visible.
It wasn't until late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection could be seen in action, as well. The key is that various traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and can be transferred from one generation to the next.
In the past, if an allele - the genetic sequence that determines colour - appeared in a population of organisms that interbred, it could be more common than other allele. Over time, that would mean that the number of black moths in a particular population could rise. The same is true for 에볼루션게이밍 many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to track evolution when an organism, 에볼루션 바카라사이트 like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988 the biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. Coli that descended from a single strain. samples of each are taken every day, and over 500.000 generations have been observed.
Lenski's research has shown that a mutation can dramatically alter the speed at which a population reproduces and, consequently the rate at which it changes. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time, a fact that some find difficult to accept.
Another example of microevolution is how mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides show up more often in areas in which insecticides are utilized. This is due to pesticides causing an enticement that favors those who have resistant genotypes.
The rapidity of evolution has led to a growing recognition of its importance, especially in a world that is largely shaped by human activity. This includes the effects of climate change, pollution and 에볼루션 바카라사이트 habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can assist you in making better choices regarding the future of the planet and its inhabitants.
Biological evolution is one of the most important concepts in biology. The Academies have long been involved in helping people who are interested in science understand the theory of evolution and how it permeates all areas of scientific research.
This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a wide range of educational resources on evolution. It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.
Tree of Life
The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and unity across many cultures. It also has many practical applications, such as providing a framework for understanding the evolution of species and how they react to changes in the environment.
Early attempts to represent the biological world were founded on categorizing organisms on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, based on the sampling of various parts of living organisms or on short fragments of their DNA significantly increased the variety that could be represented in the tree of life2. However the trees are mostly composed of eukaryotes; bacterial diversity remains vastly underrepresented3,4.
Genetic techniques have greatly broadened our ability to visualize the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. We can construct trees by using molecular methods like the small-subunit ribosomal gene.
Despite the massive expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, much biodiversity still awaits discovery. This is especially the case for microorganisms which are difficult to cultivate, and are typically found in a single specimen5. A recent analysis of all known genomes has produced a rough draft version of the Tree of Life, including a large number of bacteria and archaea that have not been isolated and their diversity is not fully understood6.
This expanded Tree of Life can be used to determine the diversity of a specific region and determine if certain habitats need special protection. This information can be used in a variety of ways, such as identifying new drugs, combating diseases and improving the quality of crops. The information is also beneficial in conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species with significant metabolic functions that could be vulnerable to anthropogenic change. While funds to protect biodiversity are essential, the best way to conserve the world's biodiversity is to empower more people in developing countries with the knowledge they need to act locally and support conservation.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny, 에볼루션 코리아 also known as an evolutionary tree, shows the connections between various groups of organisms. By using molecular information as well as morphological similarities and distinctions, or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can construct a phylogenetic tree which illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding the evolution of biodiversity, evolution and genetics.
A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Determines the relationship between organisms with similar traits and evolved from a common ancestor. These shared traits could be either analogous or homologous. Homologous traits are similar in their evolutionary origins while analogous traits appear similar, but do not share the identical origins. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping called a Clade. For instance, all of the species in a clade share the trait of having amniotic egg and evolved from a common ancestor which had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree is then constructed by connecting clades to identify the species that are most closely related to each other.
For a more detailed and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to identify the relationships among organisms. This information is more precise than morphological information and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an individual or group. The use of molecular data lets researchers determine the number of species that share the same ancestor and estimate their evolutionary age.
The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a number of factors, including the phenotypic plasticity. This is a type behavior that alters due to particular environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to a species than to the other which can obscure the phylogenetic signal. However, this problem can be solved through the use of methods such as cladistics which include a mix of homologous and analogous features into the tree.
Additionally, phylogenetics aids determine the duration and rate of speciation. This information can aid conservation biologists to decide which species to protect from the threat of extinction. In the end, it's the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will lead to an ecologically balanced and complete ecosystem.
Evolutionary Theory
The fundamental concept in evolution is that organisms alter over time because of their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have proposed theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274) who believed that an organism could evolve according to its own needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern hierarchical taxonomy and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who believed that the usage or non-use of traits can cause changes that can be passed on to future generations.
In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from various fields, including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance, came together to create a modern evolutionary theory. This defines how evolution occurs by the variation in genes within a population and how these variations change with time due to natural selection. This model, which incorporates genetic drift, mutations, gene flow and sexual selection can be mathematically described.
Recent developments in evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated how variation can be introduced to a species by mutations, genetic drift, reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction and the movement between populations. These processes, as well as others like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time), can lead to evolution, which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time, 에볼루션바카라사이트 and also by changes in phenotype over time (the expression of that genotype in an individual).
Students can better understand phylogeny by incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology. A recent study by Grunspan and colleagues, for example revealed that teaching students about the evidence for evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college biology class. For more information on how to teach evolution look up The Evolutionary Power of Biology in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.
Evolution in Action
Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through looking back--analyzing fossils, comparing species and studying living organisms. Evolution is not a distant moment; it is an ongoing process that continues to be observed today. The virus reinvents itself to avoid new antibiotics and bacteria transform to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior in the wake of a changing environment. The results are usually visible.
It wasn't until late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection could be seen in action, as well. The key is that various traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and can be transferred from one generation to the next.
In the past, if an allele - the genetic sequence that determines colour - appeared in a population of organisms that interbred, it could be more common than other allele. Over time, that would mean that the number of black moths in a particular population could rise. The same is true for 에볼루션게이밍 many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.
It is easier to track evolution when an organism, 에볼루션 바카라사이트 like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988 the biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. Coli that descended from a single strain. samples of each are taken every day, and over 500.000 generations have been observed.
Lenski's research has shown that a mutation can dramatically alter the speed at which a population reproduces and, consequently the rate at which it changes. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time, a fact that some find difficult to accept.
Another example of microevolution is how mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides show up more often in areas in which insecticides are utilized. This is due to pesticides causing an enticement that favors those who have resistant genotypes.
The rapidity of evolution has led to a growing recognition of its importance, especially in a world that is largely shaped by human activity. This includes the effects of climate change, pollution and 에볼루션 바카라사이트 habitat loss, which prevents many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can assist you in making better choices regarding the future of the planet and its inhabitants.
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