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The Academy's Evolution Site

The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology. The Academies are involved in helping those who are interested in science to learn about the theory of evolution and how it can be applied across all areas of scientific research.

This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a variety of learning resources on evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It appears in many spiritual traditions and cultures as an emblem of unity and love. It also has practical applications, like providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they react to changes in the environment.

Early attempts to represent the biological world were built on categorizing organisms based on their physical and metabolic characteristics. These methods, based on the sampling of various parts of living organisms or on small DNA fragments, greatly increased the variety of organisms that could be represented in a tree of life2. These trees are largely composed by eukaryotes and bacteria are largely underrepresented3,4.

By avoiding the need for direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have enabled us to depict the Tree of Life in a more precise manner. We can construct trees using molecular techniques, 에볼루션 such as the small-subunit ribosomal gene.

Despite the dramatic growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, much biodiversity still remains to be discovered. This is particularly relevant to microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and are usually found in one sample5. A recent study of all genomes known to date has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including a large number of archaea and bacteria that have not been isolated, and their diversity is not fully understood6.

This expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful for assessing the biodiversity of an area, which can help to determine whether specific habitats require protection. This information can be used in a range of ways, from identifying new medicines to combating disease to enhancing the quality of crops. This information is also extremely useful for conservation efforts. It helps biologists discover areas most likely to be home to cryptic species, which could have vital metabolic functions and be vulnerable to the effects of human activity. While funds to protect biodiversity are important, the most effective method to preserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip more people in developing countries with the knowledge they need to take action locally and encourage conservation.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny is also known as an evolutionary tree, reveals the relationships between groups of organisms. Utilizing molecular data, morphological similarities and differences or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can create a phylogenetic tree which illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups. The role of phylogeny is crucial in understanding biodiversity, genetics and evolution.

A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Finds the connections between organisms that have similar characteristics and have evolved from an ancestor with common traits. These shared traits could be analogous, or homologous. Homologous characteristics are identical in their evolutionary paths. Analogous traits may look similar but they don't have the same origins. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping known as a clade. All organisms in a group share a characteristic, 에볼루션 코리아 like amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor with these eggs. A phylogenetic tree is then constructed by connecting clades to determine the organisms that are most closely related to one another.

Scientists utilize molecular DNA or RNA data to build a phylogenetic chart that is more accurate and precise. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolution of an organism. Researchers can use Molecular Data to calculate the age of evolution of organisms and determine how many organisms have the same ancestor.

The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a number of factors, including the phenomenon of phenotypicplasticity. This is a type behavior that changes due to particular environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more similar to a species than to another, obscuring the phylogenetic signals. However, 에볼루션 this issue can be reduced by the use of methods such as cladistics that combine similar and homologous traits into the tree.

Additionally, phylogenetics can help determine the duration and rate of speciation. This information can assist conservation biologists decide which species they should protect from extinction. In the end, it's the preservation of phylogenetic diversity that will result in an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.

Evolutionary Theory

The fundamental concept in evolution is that organisms change over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have proposed theories of evolution, 에볼루션 코리아 such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274), who believed that an organism could evolve according to its individual needs and needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who developed the modern taxonomy system that is hierarchical and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who believed that the usage or non-use of traits can cause changes that are passed on to the

In the 1930s & 1940s, ideas from different fields, such as genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance, 에볼루션 무료체험 came together to create a modern synthesis of evolution theory. This explains how evolution occurs by the variations in genes within the population and how these variations change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which includes mutations, genetic drift as well as gene flow and sexual selection, can be mathematically described mathematically.

Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown that genetic variation can be introduced into a species via genetic drift, mutation, and reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction, 에볼루션 게이밍 as well as through migration between populations. These processes, as well as others such as directional selection or genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time) can result in evolution which is defined by change in the genome of the species over time, and also the change in phenotype over time (the expression of the genotype in an individual).

Students can better understand the concept of phylogeny through incorporating evolutionary thinking in all aspects of biology. In a study by Grunspan and co. It was found that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their understanding of evolution in a college-level course in biology. For more information on how to teach about evolution, please read The Evolutionary Potential in All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through looking back, studying fossils, comparing species and observing living organisms. But evolution isn't a thing that occurred in the past. It's an ongoing process, that is taking place today. Viruses reinvent themselves to avoid new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior because of a changing world. The resulting changes are often evident.

It wasn't until the 1980s when biologists began to realize that natural selection was also at work. The reason is that different traits have different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and can be passed down from one generation to the next.

In the past, if a certain allele - the genetic sequence that determines color - was present in a population of organisms that interbred, 에볼루션 it might become more common than any other allele. As time passes, this could mean that the number of moths that have black pigmentation in a group could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

Observing evolutionary change in action is easier when a particular species has a fast generation turnover like bacteria. Since 1988, biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. Coli that descended from a single strain; samples from each population are taken on a regular basis, and over fifty thousand generations have been observed.

Lenski's work has demonstrated that a mutation can dramatically alter the efficiency with which a population reproduces--and so the rate at which it evolves. It also shows evolution takes time, something that is hard for some to accept.

Microevolution can also be seen in the fact that mosquito genes for pesticide resistance are more common in populations where insecticides have been used. This is because pesticides cause an enticement that favors those with resistant genotypes.

The rapid pace at which evolution can take place has led to an increasing awareness of its significance in a world that is shaped by human activities, including climate changes, pollution and the loss of habitats that hinder the species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process will help us make better choices about the future of our planet as well as the lives of its inhabitants.