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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the idea that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species.

This has been proven by numerous examples of stickleback fish species that can thrive in saltwater or fresh water and walking stick insect types that have a preference for particular host plants. These mostly reversible traits permutations cannot explain fundamental changes to basic body plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all living creatures that live on our planet for many centuries. The best-established explanation is Darwin's natural selection, 바카라 에볼루션 an evolutionary process that occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more effectively than those who are less well-adapted. As time passes, a group of well adapted individuals grows and eventually creates a new species.

Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of 3 factors: variation, reproduction and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity within the species. Inheritance refers to the passing of a person's genetic characteristics to their offspring, which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of producing fertile, viable offspring, which includes both asexual and sexual methods.

All of these factors must be in balance for natural selection to occur. For instance the case where a dominant allele at the gene causes an organism to survive and reproduce more frequently than the recessive allele, the dominant allele will be more common within the population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or lowers the fertility of the population, it will disappear. The process is self reinforcing which means that an organism with an adaptive trait will live and reproduce far more effectively than those with a maladaptive trait. The more offspring an organism can produce, the greater its fitness that is determined by its capacity to reproduce itself and live. People with desirable characteristics, like a longer neck in giraffes or bright white patterns of color in male peacocks, are more likely to survive and produce offspring, and thus will become the majority of the population over time.

Natural selection only acts on populations, not individual organisms. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which claims that animals acquire characteristics by use or inactivity. If a giraffe expands its neck to catch prey and its neck gets larger, then its children will inherit this characteristic. The difference in neck length between generations will continue until the giraffe's neck becomes so long that it can not breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles from one gene are distributed randomly in a group. Eventually, only one will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated by natural selection), and the other alleles will diminish in frequency. In the extreme it can lead to a single allele dominance. Other alleles have been basically eliminated and heterozygosity has decreased to a minimum. In a small number of people it could lead to the complete elimination of recessive alleles. Such a scenario would be called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of evolutionary process that takes place when a lot of individuals move to form a new population.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also happen when the survivors of a catastrophe like an epidemic or a mass hunting event, are concentrated into a small area. The remaining individuals will be mostly homozygous for the dominant allele meaning that they all share the same phenotype, 에볼루션 코리아 and therefore have the same fitness traits. This can be caused by war, earthquakes or even a plague. The genetically distinct population, 에볼루션 코리아 if it is left vulnerable to genetic drift.

Walsh, Lewens and Ariew define drift as a deviation from expected values due to differences in fitness. They give the famous example of twins who are genetically identical and share the same phenotype, but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives to reproduce.

This kind of drift can play a crucial part in the evolution of an organism. However, it's not the only way to develop. Natural selection is the primary alternative, where mutations and migration maintain phenotypic diversity within a population.

Stephens argues there is a vast distinction between treating drift as a force or cause, and treating other causes like migration and selection mutation as causes and forces. Stephens claims that a causal process explanation of drift permits us to differentiate it from the other forces, and this distinction is essential. He argues further that drift has both direction, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size which is determined based on the size of the population.

Evolution by Lamarckism

When students in high school take biology classes, they are frequently introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution is commonly called "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms via the inherited characteristics that are a result of an organism's natural activities use and misuse. Lamarckism is illustrated through a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher leaves in the trees. This could cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to offspring, who would then grow even taller.

Lamarck, a French Zoologist, introduced an innovative idea in his 17 May 1802 opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged conventional wisdom on organic transformation. According to him living things had evolved from inanimate matter through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case, but he is widely seen as being the one who gave the subject its first broad and comprehensive treatment.

The popular narrative is that Lamarckism became a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and that the two theories fought it out in the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately won and led to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies acquired characteristics can be passed down through generations and instead argues organisms evolve by the selective action of environment elements, 에볼루션 코리아 like Natural Selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries believed in the notion that acquired characters could be passed down to future generations. However, this notion was never a major part of any of their evolutionary theories. This is partly because it was never tested scientifically.

But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age of genomics there is a vast amount of evidence to support the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is often referred to as "neo-Lamarckism" or, more commonly epigenetic inheritance. It is a form of evolution that is just as valid as the more well-known neo-Darwinian model.

Evolution through the process of adaptation

One of the most commonly-held misconceptions about evolution is being driven by a fight for survival. This view misrepresents natural selection and ignores the other forces that are driving evolution. The fight for survival is better described as a struggle to survive in a certain environment. This can include not only other organisms, but also the physical environment.

To understand how evolution functions, it is helpful to consider what adaptation is. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows a living organism to live in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physiological feature, such as fur or feathers or a behavior like moving into the shade in hot weather or 에볼루션카지노사이트 stepping out at night to avoid the cold.

The survival of an organism is dependent on its ability to extract energy from the environment and interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism must have the right genes to generate offspring, and it must be able to find sufficient food and other resources. Moreover, the organism must be able to reproduce itself in a way that is optimally within its niche.

These factors, together with mutation and gene flow, lead to a change in the proportion of alleles (different forms of a gene) in the gene pool of a population. Over time, this change in allele frequencies can result in the emergence of new traits and eventually new species.

Many of the characteristics we admire in animals and plants are adaptations. For 에볼루션 example, lungs or gills that draw oxygen from air, fur and feathers as insulation and long legs to get away from predators, and camouflage to hide. To understand the concept of adaptation it is crucial to discern between physiological and behavioral traits.

Physiological traits like thick fur and gills are physical characteristics. The behavioral adaptations aren't like the tendency of animals to seek companionship or to retreat into the shade during hot temperatures. It is important to keep in mind that lack of planning does not cause an adaptation. In fact, failure to think about the implications of a decision can render it unadaptive despite the fact that it appears to be reasonable or even essential.