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The Academy's Evolution Site

Biological evolution is one of the most fundamental concepts in biology. The Academies are involved in helping those who are interested in science understand evolution theory and how it is incorporated throughout all fields of scientific research.

This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a range of learning resources about evolution. It also includes important video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that represents the interconnectedness of life. It is an emblem of love and unity in many cultures. It also has practical applications, like providing a framework to understand the history of species and 에볼루션 카지노 사이트 how they react to changes in the environment.

Early attempts to describe the world of biology were founded on categorizing organisms on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, which depend on the collection of various parts of organisms, or DNA fragments, have greatly increased the diversity of a tree of Life2. However the trees are mostly comprised of eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is not represented in a large way3,4.

By avoiding the need for direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have enabled us to represent the Tree of Life in a more precise manner. In particular, molecular methods enable us to create trees by using sequenced markers such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.

Despite the massive expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a large amount of biodiversity is waiting to be discovered. This is particularly true of microorganisms, which are difficult to cultivate and are often only found in a single sample5. A recent study of all genomes that are known has produced a rough draft version of the Tree of Life, including many archaea and bacteria that have not been isolated, 에볼루션 바카라 무료 and whose diversity is poorly understood6.

This expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a particular area and determine if specific habitats need special protection. This information can be used in a variety of ways, including identifying new drugs, combating diseases and enhancing crops. This information is also extremely useful for conservation efforts. It helps biologists discover areas that are likely to have cryptic species, which may have vital metabolic functions and are susceptible to changes caused by humans. While conservation funds are important, 에볼루션코리아 the best way to conserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip more people in developing nations with the information they require to take action locally and encourage conservation.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny (also known as an evolutionary tree) depicts the relationships between species. By using molecular information similarities and differences in morphology or ontogeny (the course of development of an organism) scientists can construct an phylogenetic tree that demonstrates the evolution of taxonomic categories. The phylogeny of a tree plays an important role in understanding biodiversity, genetics and evolution.

A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Finds the connections between organisms that have similar traits and have evolved from an ancestor that shared traits. These shared traits can be either homologous or analogous. Homologous traits are the same in their evolutionary paths. Analogous traits might appear like they are, but they do not share the same origins. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping known as a clade. For instance, all the species in a clade share the trait of having amniotic eggs and evolved from a common ancestor that had these eggs. The clades are then connected to create a phylogenetic tree to identify organisms that have the closest relationship.

To create a more thorough and precise phylogenetic tree scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to determine the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise than morphological information and gives evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism or group. Researchers can use Molecular Data to determine the evolutionary age of organisms and 에볼루션카지노 determine how many species have a common ancestor.

Phylogenetic relationships can be affected by a variety of factors that include the phenomenon of phenotypicplasticity. This is a type behavior 에볼루션 바카라 무료 that alters in response to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more similar to one species than another, obscuring the phylogenetic signals. This problem can be mitigated by using cladistics. This is a method that incorporates an amalgamation of homologous and analogous features in the tree.

Furthermore, phylogenetics may help predict the duration and rate of speciation. This information can assist conservation biologists in deciding which species to protect from the threat of extinction. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will lead to an ecologically balanced and complete ecosystem.

Evolutionary Theory

The fundamental concept of evolution is that organisms acquire different features over time due to their interactions with their environments. Many scientists have proposed theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274) who believed that an organism would evolve according to its own requirements, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who developed the modern taxonomy system that is hierarchical and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who suggested that the use or non-use of traits can cause changes that are passed on to the next generation.

In the 1930s & 1940s, theories from various areas, including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance, merged to create a modern synthesis of evolution theory. This defines how evolution happens through the variation in genes within the population, and how these variants change with time due to natural selection. This model, called genetic drift, mutation, gene flow and sexual selection, is the foundation of current evolutionary biology, and can be mathematically explained.

Recent developments in evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated how variation can be introduced to a species through genetic drift, mutations and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction and migration between populations. These processes, as well as other ones like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of the genotype over time) can result in evolution that is defined as changes in the genome of the species over time and the change in phenotype as time passes (the expression of that genotype within the individual).

Students can better understand the concept of phylogeny by using evolutionary thinking in all areas of biology. In a recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues., it was shown that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their acceptance of evolution during an undergraduate biology course. To learn more about how to teach about evolution, please look up The Evolutionary Potential of All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Scientists have looked at evolution through the past--analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. Evolution is not a distant event, but an ongoing process. Bacteria evolve and resist antibiotics, viruses evolve and escape new drugs and animals alter their behavior in response to the changing climate. The changes that result are often evident.

However, it wasn't until late 1980s that biologists realized that natural selection can be observed in action as well. The main reason is that different traits can confer a different rate of survival as well as reproduction, and may be passed on from one generation to the next.

In the past, if one allele - the genetic sequence that determines color - was found in a group of organisms that interbred, it could be more common than any other allele. In time, this could mean that the number of moths that have black pigmentation in a population may increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

The ability to observe evolutionary change is easier when a particular species has a rapid generation turnover such as bacteria. Since 1988, biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. bacteria that descend from a single strain; samples of each are taken every day and more than fifty thousand generations have passed.

Lenski's work has shown that mutations can alter the rate of change and the effectiveness at which a population reproduces. It also demonstrates that evolution is slow-moving, a fact that some people find difficult to accept.

Microevolution is also evident in the fact that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in areas that have used insecticides. This is because the use of pesticides creates a pressure that favors individuals with resistant genotypes.

The rapid pace at which evolution can take place has led to a growing awareness of its significance in a world shaped by human activities, including climate change, pollution and the loss of habitats that hinder the species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can help us make smarter choices about the future of our planet, as well as the lives of its inhabitants.