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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
CLKs' awareness and ability to make use of relational affordances and learner-internal elements, were important. For instance, RIs from TS and ZL both have cited their relationships with their local professors as a significant factor in their decision to avoid criticising an uncompromising professor (see example 2).
This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on key pragmatic topics including:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The discourse completion test (DCT) is widely used in the field of pragmatic research. It has many advantages, but also a few disadvantages. The DCT, for example, 프라그마틱 플레이 does not take into account individual and cultural differences. The DCT can also be biased and lead to overgeneralizations. It is essential to analyze it carefully before being used for research or assessment.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable instrument to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to alter the social variables that are related to politeness can be a strength. This ability can aid researchers understand the role of prosody in communication across cultural contexts, which is a major issue in cross-cultural pragmatics.
In the field of linguistics DCT is one of the most useful tools to study the behavior of communication learners. It can be used to investigate many issues, such as politeness, turn-taking, and 프라그마틱 게임 the use of lexical terms. It can be used to assess the phonological complexity of learners speaking.
A recent study utilized a DCT to evaluate EFL students' ability to resist. Participants were presented with various scenarios and required to choose a suitable response from the options offered. The researchers found that the DCT was more efficient than other methods of refusal, including a questionnaire and video recordings. However, the researchers cautioned that the DCT should be employed with caution and include other data collection methods.
DCTs are often created with specific linguistic requirements in mind, like the content and the form. These criteria are intuitive and based on the assumptions of the test developers. They may not be precise and could misrepresent the way ELF learners actually respond to requests in real-world interactions. This issue calls for further study on alternative methods for testing refusal competence.
A recent study has compared DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email versus the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCTs preferred more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and utilized more hints than email data.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean. It employed a variety of experimental tools including Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs with upper-intermediate proficiency who gave responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also asked to provide reflections on their evaluations and their refusals to participate in RIs. The results showed that CLKs often chose to reject native Korean pragmatism norms. Their decisions were influenced by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories as well as their relationship affordances. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.
First, the MQ data were examined to determine the participants' pragmatic choices. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, 슬롯 we compared their choices made by the participants with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they are indicative of pragmatic resistance. Interviewees were also required to explain the reasons for 프라그마틱 무료체험 choosing the pragmatic approach in certain situations.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and z tests. It was found that CLKs often resorted to phrases like "sorry" and "thank you." This is likely due to their lack of familiarity with the target language which led to an insufficient understanding of korea pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preference to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to move towards L1 norms varied based on the DCT circumstances. For instance, in Situations 3 and 12, the CLKs preferred to diverge from both L1 as well as L2 pragmatic norms, whereas in Situation 14 they preferred converging to L1 norms.
The RIs further revealed that the CLKs were aware their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-toone within two days after the participants had completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed by two coders independent of each other, were then coded. The coders worked in an iterative manner by the coders, re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of coding are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine whether they accurately portrayed the underlying behavior.
Interviews for refusal
One of the major questions in pragmatic research is why learners decide to rescind native-speaker pragmatic norms. Recent research sought to answer this question using several experiments, including DCTs MQs and 프라그마틱 슬롯체험 RIs. The participants comprised 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. Participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2. Then, they were invited to attend a RI where they were asked think about their responses to the DCT situations.
The results showed that CLKs, on average, did not follow the pragmatic norms of native speakers in more than 40% of their responses. They did this even when they were able to produce patterns that resembled native speakers. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their decision to learner-internal variables such as their identities and personalities as well as multilingual identities. They also mentioned external factors such as relational advantages. For instance, they discussed how their relationships with professors facilitated more relaxed performance with respect to the linguistic and intercultural rules of their university.
The interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures or consequences they might face if their local social norms were not followed. They were concerned that their native counterparts might perceive them as "foreigners" and think they were ignorant. This concern was similar in nature to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native speakers' pragmatic norms are not the preferred norm for Korean learners. They could still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the usefulness of these tests in different contexts and in particular situations. This will help them better understand how different cultural environments could affect the practical behavior of learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also assist educators to develop better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor 프라그마틱 무료슬롯 at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risk consultancy.
Case Studies
The case study method is an investigational strategy that uses participant-centered, in-depth investigations to explore a specific subject. It is a method that makes use of numerous sources of data to help support the findings, such as interviews and observations, documents, and artifacts. This kind of research can be used to analyze unique or complex topics that are difficult for other methods to assess.
In a case study, the first step is to clearly define the subject and the objectives of the study. This will allow you to determine what aspects of the subject are important to investigate and which can be omitted. It is also helpful to read the research to gain a broad knowledge of the subject and place the case in a larger theoretical context.
This study was conducted on an open source platform, 슬롯 the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its benchmarks that are specific to Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the test revealed that L2 Korean students were highly vulnerable to native models. They tended to choose wrong answer choices, which were literal interpretations. This was a deviation from the correct pragmatic inference. They also had a strong tendency to include their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This lowered the quality of their answers.
Moreover, the participants of this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had reached level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at the end of their third or second year of university and were aiming for level 6 for their next test. They were required to answer questions about their WTC/SPCC as well as pragmatic awareness and comprehension.
The interviewees were presented two situations, each involving an imaginary interaction with their co-workers and were asked to choose one of the following strategies to employ when making an inquiry. The interviewees were asked to justify their decision. Most participants attributed their pragmatic opposition to their personality. TS for instance stated that she was difficult to get along with and refused to inquire about her interlocutor's well-being when they had a heavy work load, even though she thought native Koreans would.
CLKs' awareness and ability to make use of relational affordances and learner-internal elements, were important. For instance, RIs from TS and ZL both have cited their relationships with their local professors as a significant factor in their decision to avoid criticising an uncompromising professor (see example 2).
This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on key pragmatic topics including:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The discourse completion test (DCT) is widely used in the field of pragmatic research. It has many advantages, but also a few disadvantages. The DCT, for example, 프라그마틱 플레이 does not take into account individual and cultural differences. The DCT can also be biased and lead to overgeneralizations. It is essential to analyze it carefully before being used for research or assessment.
Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable instrument to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to alter the social variables that are related to politeness can be a strength. This ability can aid researchers understand the role of prosody in communication across cultural contexts, which is a major issue in cross-cultural pragmatics.
In the field of linguistics DCT is one of the most useful tools to study the behavior of communication learners. It can be used to investigate many issues, such as politeness, turn-taking, and 프라그마틱 게임 the use of lexical terms. It can be used to assess the phonological complexity of learners speaking.
A recent study utilized a DCT to evaluate EFL students' ability to resist. Participants were presented with various scenarios and required to choose a suitable response from the options offered. The researchers found that the DCT was more efficient than other methods of refusal, including a questionnaire and video recordings. However, the researchers cautioned that the DCT should be employed with caution and include other data collection methods.
DCTs are often created with specific linguistic requirements in mind, like the content and the form. These criteria are intuitive and based on the assumptions of the test developers. They may not be precise and could misrepresent the way ELF learners actually respond to requests in real-world interactions. This issue calls for further study on alternative methods for testing refusal competence.
A recent study has compared DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email versus the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCTs preferred more direct and traditionally indirect request forms and utilized more hints than email data.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study investigated Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean. It employed a variety of experimental tools including Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs with upper-intermediate proficiency who gave responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also asked to provide reflections on their evaluations and their refusals to participate in RIs. The results showed that CLKs often chose to reject native Korean pragmatism norms. Their decisions were influenced by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories as well as their relationship affordances. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.
First, the MQ data were examined to determine the participants' pragmatic choices. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, 슬롯 we compared their choices made by the participants with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they are indicative of pragmatic resistance. Interviewees were also required to explain the reasons for 프라그마틱 무료체험 choosing the pragmatic approach in certain situations.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and z tests. It was found that CLKs often resorted to phrases like "sorry" and "thank you." This is likely due to their lack of familiarity with the target language which led to an insufficient understanding of korea pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preference to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to move towards L1 norms varied based on the DCT circumstances. For instance, in Situations 3 and 12, the CLKs preferred to diverge from both L1 as well as L2 pragmatic norms, whereas in Situation 14 they preferred converging to L1 norms.
The RIs further revealed that the CLKs were aware their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-toone within two days after the participants had completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed by two coders independent of each other, were then coded. The coders worked in an iterative manner by the coders, re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of coding are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine whether they accurately portrayed the underlying behavior.
Interviews for refusal
One of the major questions in pragmatic research is why learners decide to rescind native-speaker pragmatic norms. Recent research sought to answer this question using several experiments, including DCTs MQs and 프라그마틱 슬롯체험 RIs. The participants comprised 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. Participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2. Then, they were invited to attend a RI where they were asked think about their responses to the DCT situations.
The results showed that CLKs, on average, did not follow the pragmatic norms of native speakers in more than 40% of their responses. They did this even when they were able to produce patterns that resembled native speakers. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their decision to learner-internal variables such as their identities and personalities as well as multilingual identities. They also mentioned external factors such as relational advantages. For instance, they discussed how their relationships with professors facilitated more relaxed performance with respect to the linguistic and intercultural rules of their university.
The interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures or consequences they might face if their local social norms were not followed. They were concerned that their native counterparts might perceive them as "foreigners" and think they were ignorant. This concern was similar in nature to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native speakers' pragmatic norms are not the preferred norm for Korean learners. They could still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the usefulness of these tests in different contexts and in particular situations. This will help them better understand how different cultural environments could affect the practical behavior of learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also assist educators to develop better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor 프라그마틱 무료슬롯 at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risk consultancy.
Case Studies
The case study method is an investigational strategy that uses participant-centered, in-depth investigations to explore a specific subject. It is a method that makes use of numerous sources of data to help support the findings, such as interviews and observations, documents, and artifacts. This kind of research can be used to analyze unique or complex topics that are difficult for other methods to assess.
In a case study, the first step is to clearly define the subject and the objectives of the study. This will allow you to determine what aspects of the subject are important to investigate and which can be omitted. It is also helpful to read the research to gain a broad knowledge of the subject and place the case in a larger theoretical context.
This study was conducted on an open source platform, 슬롯 the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its benchmarks that are specific to Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the test revealed that L2 Korean students were highly vulnerable to native models. They tended to choose wrong answer choices, which were literal interpretations. This was a deviation from the correct pragmatic inference. They also had a strong tendency to include their own text or "garbage" to their responses. This lowered the quality of their answers.
Moreover, the participants of this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had reached level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at the end of their third or second year of university and were aiming for level 6 for their next test. They were required to answer questions about their WTC/SPCC as well as pragmatic awareness and comprehension.
The interviewees were presented two situations, each involving an imaginary interaction with their co-workers and were asked to choose one of the following strategies to employ when making an inquiry. The interviewees were asked to justify their decision. Most participants attributed their pragmatic opposition to their personality. TS for instance stated that she was difficult to get along with and refused to inquire about her interlocutor's well-being when they had a heavy work load, even though she thought native Koreans would.
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