MDMA Ecstasy
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Most MDMA-related hospital emergency cases involved males, confirming trends in prevalence and patterns of use. Half of the centres reported no MDMA-related admissions to the intensive care unit. Türkiye is an outlier, with MDMA identified in almost 1 in 5 drug-induced deaths (46 out of 246 in 2022). A minority of these fatalities (13-25 %) were due to MDMA toxicity alone, with multiple drug toxicity being more prevalen
Information gathered in the 2021 EWSD suggests that, on average, those who reported having used MDMA in the last 12 months, consumed one ecstasy tablet or 0.4 grams of MDMA in crystal or powders form each time they used the dru
A study conducted by 10 drug-checking organisations from the TEDI network found that the increase in MDMA content in tablets in this time period was directly related to an increase in the average weight of ecstasy tablets (Vrolijk et al., 2022). The average content of MDMA in ecstasy tablets appears to be on a slight downward trend from 2019, after close to a decade of increasingly stronger (and larger) tablets becoming available on the market. On occasion, neurotoxic compounds such as PMMA (5) are detected mixed with, or as a replacement for, MDMA in ecstasy tablets. From 2019 onwards a new cycle appears to have begun, whereby the number of ecstasy tablets containing other substances alongside, or instead of, MDMA has increased (as expressed by a drop in percentage in the indexed trends shown above from 96 % in 2019 to 73 % in 2022). Crystal MDMA was marketed as a purer product compared to ecstasy tablets, an assertion that was and remains largely true (see Section The trend of large tablets containing more MDMA may be reversing). One way to observe these cycles is to monitor rates of adulteration, as expressed by the percentage of tested samples of seized ecstasy tablets that contain MDMA and no other buy ecstasy scheduled substances.
Wastewater-based methods
(1) The European Web Survey on Drugs (EWSD) is a voluntary, anonymous survey run by the EUDA and its partners targeting directly people who use drugs who are 18 years old or older, and are living in one of the participating countries. When using wastewater data to estimate MDMA markets, the use of MDMA is based on the excreted parent drug, rather than on an excreted metabolite (which is the case for some other drugs, such as cocaine and heroin). While a slight decrease in price was observed in 2022 for ecstasy tablets, this may not be statistically significant or sustained in the coming years. In fact, it could be argued that MDMA in the form of ecstasy tablets became cheaper between 2012 and 2019 as tablets containing larger quantities of MDMA became increasingly available on the market (see Section The trend of large tablets containing more MDMA may be reversing).
Increased ener
Wastewater data also reflect the predominant use of ecstasy in recreational settings, with more than three quarters of cities reporting that higher loads of MDMA were present in wastewater during the weekend than during weekdays in 2022. While the number of tablets used per session has not changed substantially from literature findings dating from several decades ago, today’s MDMA users generally ingest higher quantities of the psychoactive substance than before (Gremeaux, 2022). This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of MDMA use by recall period and age range.
Of great concern is MDMA’s adverse effect on the pumping efficiency of the heart and increased physical activity all of which places a strain on cardiovascular system. The closet is currently being tested at our ecstasy shop in Utrecht. The ‘Tales from the Drug Closet‘ project invites people to ‘come out’ about their drug use. Tales from the drug closet You will be guided through the Amsterdam hard drug scene by means of audio, video and gamified elements while simply using an app buy ecstasy on your own phone.
Ecstasy adulteration is responsive to market pressures
This includes law enforcement pressure, a variety of factors affecting MDMA production, such as the availability of MDMA precursors, and, more generally, globalisation of the buy ecstasy illicit drug supply chains. Although often used interchangeably, ecstasy and MDMA are not necessarily synonyms. Retail quantities sold online are often dispatched in post and parcels from EU Member States to consumer markets in Europe and globally, and cryptocurrencies are often used to settle these online transactions. The use of these methods differed between countries, indicating that some purchasing practices are more common in some countries than in others.
Adaptations in the behaviours of people who use MDMA shows that they are able, willing and indeed eager to minimise their risk exposure where possible. The demand for stimulants in social environments appears to be resilient more broadly, even in the face of such market shocks. Options for future regulated online sales exist but need to account for problems such as the lack of face-to-face interaction with a vendor (and the potential loss of key tailored harm reduction which can be given in person), and meaningful enforcement of age controls. The pull factors of the darknet in the current illegal market highlight important challenges for a regulated market. This is up from 48.7% in 2015, when the percentage was also higher than for any other dru
Information gathered in the 2021 EWSD suggests that, on average, those who reported having used MDMA in the last 12 months, consumed one ecstasy tablet or 0.4 grams of MDMA in crystal or powders form each time they used the dru
A study conducted by 10 drug-checking organisations from the TEDI network found that the increase in MDMA content in tablets in this time period was directly related to an increase in the average weight of ecstasy tablets (Vrolijk et al., 2022). The average content of MDMA in ecstasy tablets appears to be on a slight downward trend from 2019, after close to a decade of increasingly stronger (and larger) tablets becoming available on the market. On occasion, neurotoxic compounds such as PMMA (5) are detected mixed with, or as a replacement for, MDMA in ecstasy tablets. From 2019 onwards a new cycle appears to have begun, whereby the number of ecstasy tablets containing other substances alongside, or instead of, MDMA has increased (as expressed by a drop in percentage in the indexed trends shown above from 96 % in 2019 to 73 % in 2022). Crystal MDMA was marketed as a purer product compared to ecstasy tablets, an assertion that was and remains largely true (see Section The trend of large tablets containing more MDMA may be reversing). One way to observe these cycles is to monitor rates of adulteration, as expressed by the percentage of tested samples of seized ecstasy tablets that contain MDMA and no other buy ecstasy scheduled substances.
Wastewater-based methods
(1) The European Web Survey on Drugs (EWSD) is a voluntary, anonymous survey run by the EUDA and its partners targeting directly people who use drugs who are 18 years old or older, and are living in one of the participating countries. When using wastewater data to estimate MDMA markets, the use of MDMA is based on the excreted parent drug, rather than on an excreted metabolite (which is the case for some other drugs, such as cocaine and heroin). While a slight decrease in price was observed in 2022 for ecstasy tablets, this may not be statistically significant or sustained in the coming years. In fact, it could be argued that MDMA in the form of ecstasy tablets became cheaper between 2012 and 2019 as tablets containing larger quantities of MDMA became increasingly available on the market (see Section The trend of large tablets containing more MDMA may be reversing).
Increased ener
Wastewater data also reflect the predominant use of ecstasy in recreational settings, with more than three quarters of cities reporting that higher loads of MDMA were present in wastewater during the weekend than during weekdays in 2022. While the number of tablets used per session has not changed substantially from literature findings dating from several decades ago, today’s MDMA users generally ingest higher quantities of the psychoactive substance than before (Gremeaux, 2022). This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of MDMA use by recall period and age range.
Of great concern is MDMA’s adverse effect on the pumping efficiency of the heart and increased physical activity all of which places a strain on cardiovascular system. The closet is currently being tested at our ecstasy shop in Utrecht. The ‘Tales from the Drug Closet‘ project invites people to ‘come out’ about their drug use. Tales from the drug closet You will be guided through the Amsterdam hard drug scene by means of audio, video and gamified elements while simply using an app buy ecstasy on your own phone.
Ecstasy adulteration is responsive to market pressures
This includes law enforcement pressure, a variety of factors affecting MDMA production, such as the availability of MDMA precursors, and, more generally, globalisation of the buy ecstasy illicit drug supply chains. Although often used interchangeably, ecstasy and MDMA are not necessarily synonyms. Retail quantities sold online are often dispatched in post and parcels from EU Member States to consumer markets in Europe and globally, and cryptocurrencies are often used to settle these online transactions. The use of these methods differed between countries, indicating that some purchasing practices are more common in some countries than in others.
Adaptations in the behaviours of people who use MDMA shows that they are able, willing and indeed eager to minimise their risk exposure where possible. The demand for stimulants in social environments appears to be resilient more broadly, even in the face of such market shocks. Options for future regulated online sales exist but need to account for problems such as the lack of face-to-face interaction with a vendor (and the potential loss of key tailored harm reduction which can be given in person), and meaningful enforcement of age controls. The pull factors of the darknet in the current illegal market highlight important challenges for a regulated market. This is up from 48.7% in 2015, when the percentage was also higher than for any other dru
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