12 (2): 359-366. Doi:10.3758/bf03196385 > 자유게시판

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Memory implantation is a way used in cognitive psychology to investigate human memory. In memory implantation research researchers make people believe that they remember an occasion that actually never occurred. The false memories that have been successfully implanted in folks's reminiscences embrace remembering being misplaced in a mall as a child, taking a hot air balloon ride, among different things which may very well be both good or unhealthy. Memory implantation methods had been developed in the nineties as a means of offering evidence of how straightforward it is to distort folks's reminiscences of previous events. Many of the studies on Memory Wave App implantation were revealed in the context of the controversy about repressed recollections and the doable danger of digging for lost memories in therapy. The successful implantation of reminiscences in individuals's minds has implications for therapy and authorized settings. The primary formal studies utilizing memory implantation had been revealed within the early 1990s, probably the most well-known being "The Formation of False Memories" (commonly referred to because the "Misplaced within the Mall" examine) by Loftus and Memory Wave App Pickrell.

The basic method used on this study concerned asking members of the family of a participant to offer narratives of events that occurred after they have been younger after which add one other event that definitely had not occurred. The contributors noticed these four narratives and had been instructed to try to remember as a lot as possible about every occasion. Across numerous research using memory implantation, about 37% of individuals have come to recollect elements of or entire events that by no means truly occurred. Different research have expanded on this paradigm by introducing images instead of narratives. Wade and colleagues discovered that 50% of individuals got here to remember particulars of a sizzling air balloon trip that by no means occurred, after seeing a manipulated photo depicting the occasion. Later it has been argued that pictures by themselves don't produce more false memories than narratives, however that each methods have the facility to efficiently implant false reminiscences. Actual photos have also been discovered to extend the creation of false reminiscences.

In a research by Lindsay and colleagues folks have been shown a childhood photo from the same time interval because the false occasion. Seeing the photograph resulted in additional false recollections, even when the pictures didn't depict the precise occasion. In a 1999 research with youngsters Pezdek and Hodge found that it was easier to implant a memory of a plausible occasion (being misplaced in a mall) than an implausible one (receiving a rectal enema). Later follow up research, nonetheless, show that the perceived plausibility of a false occasion may be modified, Memory Wave making the false event easier to implant. Taken collectively, these findings present that there are lots of components which might be important for the best way folks remember events. Mazzoni also counsel a mannequin for the event of false reminiscences by ideas which model consists of three processes. The first course of is to make individuals perceive the occasion as plausible, the second is to make people believe it's likely to have happened to them and the third step is to assist people interpret thoughts and fantasies concerning the occasion as reminiscences.

Other elements influencing the likelihood of producing false recollections embrace imagining the events and making a source-monitoring error, particularly actuality monitoring. An actual life instance of memory implantation occurred in the course of the criminal case against Paul Ingram. Ingram was accused by his daughters of recurring sexual abuse in their childhood. Ingram denied all allegations at first however after being interviewed by police and therapists he came to recollect a number of situations of abuse. Sociologist Richard Ofshe thought-about this confession a result of suggestive questioning and determined to test his concept. He instructed Ingram about a made-up situation and stated it was one other accusation made by his youngsters. Ofshe requested Ingram to try to remember as a lot as attainable about this new occasion. Ingram could not recall something immediately but after interested by it for a while got here up with a written confession where he described intimately what had occurred. His youngsters confirmed to Ofshe that the event had by no means really occurred; Ingram had created an entirely false memory of an occasion after options from Ofshe.

Ofshe considered this successful memory implantation evidence of Paul Ingram's suggestibility and Memory Wave in his opinion it questions the accuracy of Ingram's other confessions. The methods used in memory implantation research are meant to mimic those utilized by some therapists to get well repressed reminiscences of childhood events. The excessive charge of individuals "remembering" false occasions exhibits that recollections can't always be taken at face value. Being informed to go residence and have a look at previous photos to jog your memory can assist you remember real events, however paired with solutions from a therapist it might also result in false memories. Memory implantation studies are additionally much like recovered memory therapy in the way in which that they involve an authoritative figure claiming to know that the occasion actually occurred and applying pressure on the participant/patient to remember. Memory implantation techniques on the whole additionally illustrate how folks can comparatively simply come to remember issues that truly never occurred.