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The Academy's Evolution Site

Biological evolution is a central concept in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those who are interested in science to understand evolution theory and how it can be applied across all areas of scientific research.

This site provides a wide range of resources for teachers, students and general readers of evolution. It includes important video clips from NOVA and WGBH-produced science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is a symbol of love and unity across many cultures. It can be used in many practical ways as well, such as providing a framework to understand the history of species and how they respond to changing environmental conditions.

Early attempts to describe the biological world were built on categorizing organisms based on their physical and metabolic characteristics. These methods, which are based on the collection of various parts of organisms or short DNA fragments have significantly increased the diversity of a Tree of Life2. These trees are largely composed by eukaryotes and bacteria are largely underrepresented3,4.

In avoiding the necessity of direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have made it possible to represent the Tree of Life in a more precise manner. Particularly, molecular methods allow us to build trees by using sequenced markers such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.

Despite the massive growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a lot of biodiversity awaits discovery. This is particularly relevant to microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and which are usually only found in one sample5. Recent analysis of all genomes has produced a rough draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a variety of archaea, bacteria and other organisms that have not yet been isolated, or the diversity of which is not well understood6.

The expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful in assessing the diversity of an area, assisting to determine whether specific habitats require special protection. The information is useful in a variety of ways, including identifying new drugs, combating diseases and improving crops. This information is also extremely beneficial to conservation efforts. It can aid biologists in identifying areas that are most likely to be home to species that are cryptic, which could have important metabolic functions and be vulnerable to the effects of human activity. Although funds to safeguard biodiversity are vital however, the most effective method to protect the world's biodiversity is for more people in developing countries to be empowered with the necessary knowledge to act locally in order to promote conservation from within.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny (also known as an evolutionary tree) illustrates the relationship between different organisms. Utilizing molecular data as well as morphological similarities and distinctions or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can construct a phylogenetic tree which illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories. Phylogeny is essential in understanding the evolution of biodiversity, evolution and genetics.

A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Finds the connections between organisms with similar traits and evolved from a common ancestor. These shared traits can be either analogous or homologous. Homologous characteristics are identical in their evolutionary path. Analogous traits could appear like they are, but they do not have the same ancestry. Scientists combine similar traits into a grouping known as a Clade. Every organism in a group have a common characteristic, for example, amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor who had these eggs. The clades are then linked to form a phylogenetic branch that can determine which organisms have the closest relationship.

Scientists use DNA or RNA molecular data to build a phylogenetic chart that is more accurate and precise. This data is more precise than morphological information and gives evidence of the evolutionary background of an organism or group. The analysis of molecular data can help researchers identify the number of organisms that share a common ancestor and to estimate their evolutionary age.

The phylogenetic relationships of organisms can be affected by a variety of factors, including phenotypic flexibility, a type of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to one species than another, clouding the phylogenetic signal. This problem can be mitigated by using cladistics. This is a method that incorporates an amalgamation of analogous and homologous features in the tree.

In addition, phylogenetics helps determine the duration and speed at which speciation occurs. This information can help conservation biologists make decisions about the species they should safeguard from the threat of extinction. In the end, it's the conservation of phylogenetic variety that will lead to an ecosystem that is balanced and complete.

Evolutionary Theory

The fundamental concept in evolution is that organisms change over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have come up with theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274) who believed that a living thing would develop according to its own requirements and needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), who created the modern hierarchical taxonomy and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who suggested that the usage or non-use of traits can lead to changes that can be passed on to future generations.

In the 1930s and 1940s, theories from various fields, including natural selection, genetics, and particulate inheritance--came together to create the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory which explains how evolution occurs through the variations of genes within a population, 에볼루션 무료체험 and how those variants change in time due to natural selection. This model, called genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection, is the foundation of the current evolutionary biology and can be mathematically explained.

Recent discoveries in evolutionary developmental biology have shown how variation can be introduced to a species through genetic drift, mutations or 에볼루션 코리아 - just click the next website, reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction, and even migration between populations. These processes, along with others, such as directional selection and gene erosion (changes in the frequency of genotypes over time) can result in evolution. Evolution is defined as changes in the genome over time as well as changes in phenotype (the expression of genotypes within individuals).

Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education can increase student understanding of the concepts of phylogeny and evolution. In a study by Grunspan et al. It was found that teaching students about the evidence for evolution boosted their acceptance of evolution during an undergraduate biology course. For 에볼루션 사이트 무료체험 - just click the following website - more information on how to teach about evolution, please read The Evolutionary Potential in All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Scientists have traditionally looked at evolution through the past, analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. Evolution is not a past event; it is an ongoing process. Bacteria evolve and resist antibiotics, viruses reinvent themselves and are able to evade new medications and animals change their behavior to the changing environment. The changes that result are often visible.

However, it wasn't until late-1980s that biologists realized that natural selection could be observed in action as well. The reason is that different traits have different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and can be passed from one generation to the next.

In the past, if an allele - the genetic sequence that determines color - appeared in a population of organisms that interbred, it could become more prevalent than any other allele. As time passes, that could mean the number of black moths within a particular population could rise. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

It is easier to observe evolutionary change when a species, such as bacteria, 에볼루션 바카라사이트 has a high generation turnover. Since 1988 biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. coli that descended from a single strain. samples from each population are taken every day, and over fifty thousand generations have passed.

Lenski's work has demonstrated that mutations can drastically alter the efficiency with which a population reproduces and, consequently the rate at which it evolves. It also demonstrates that evolution is slow-moving, a fact that some people find difficult to accept.

Microevolution can be observed in the fact that mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in areas that have used insecticides. This is due to the fact that the use of pesticides creates a pressure that favors those with resistant genotypes.

The rapidity of evolution has led to a growing awareness of its significance especially in a planet that is largely shaped by human activity. This includes the effects of climate change, pollution and habitat loss that hinders many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can aid you in making better decisions regarding the future of the planet and its inhabitants.